AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Allele
literal: Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cell
literal: Fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms that takes in nutrients, converts them into energy, carries out specialized functions, and contains the genetic material (DNA).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cell_cycle
literal: The life of a cell from its formation until it divides into two new cells, involving growth, DNA replication, and division, primarily split into Interphase (G1, S, G2) for growth and DNA copying, and the M phase (Mitosis/Meiosis & Cytokinesis).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cell_cycle_regulation
literal: It refers to the control mechanisms that determine whether cells will divide, remain dormant, arrest, or undergo programmed cell death.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cell_division
literal: Splitting parent cell into two daughter cells, essential for growth, repair, and reproduction, involving DNA replication and separation.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cell_growth
literal: The increase in a cell's mass and volume, a part of the cell cycle (G1/G2 phases) where cells accumulate nutrients, organelles, and proteins.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cell_organelle
literal: Specialized, subcellular structure within a cell that performs specific function necessary for life, similar to organs in a body.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cell_wall
literal: A strong, protective outer layer found in plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, and archaea, excluding animals.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cellular_signaling
literal: The fundamental process by which cells detect, interpret, and respond to external stimuli and environmental changes.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosomal_DNA
literal: nuclear DNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosomal_DNA
literal: Long linear DNA molecule (in eukaryotes) or circular molecule (in prokaryotes) associated with histone and forms chromosome.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosomal_RNA
literal: A component of the chromosomes of higher organisms participated in sequence-specific interaction of chromosomal proteins with chromosomal DNA. A group of RNA molecules that localize to and interact with chromosomes to regulate structure, stability, and gene expression.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosomal_protein
literal: Protein that associates with DNA within chromosomes, playing crucial roles in DNA packaging, gene regulation, and chromosome structure.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosome
literal: A thread-like structure located inside the nucleus/nucleoid of cells, composed of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosome__end_position
literal: The end number of gene's location in the chromosome

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosome__start_position
literal: The first number of gene's location in the chromosome

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Chromosome_name
literal: Species-specific name of chromosome.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Circular_intronic_RNA
literal: ciRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Circular_intronic_RNA
literal: A class of stable, circular non-coding RNAs derived from the lariat introns that remain after pre-mRNA splicing.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Coding_DNA
literal: genomic DNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Coding_DNA
literal: The complete set of DNA in an organism, containing all the genetic information necessary for its growth, development, and reproduction.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Coding_RNA
literal: mRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Coding_RNA
literal: messenger RNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Coding_RNA
literal: The RNA type that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome to be translated into proteins.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Control_gene
literal: A gene that controls the transcription of others in messenger RNA and is expressed at stable levels in all cells and conditions.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Cytoplasm
literal: All content within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA
literal: DNA molecule

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA
literal: deoxyribonucleic_acid

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA
literal: A polymer (macromolecule) that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms, organized into a double helix structure, and its sequence of bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) encodes this information.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_Codon
literal: A sequence of three consecutive DNA nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_helicase
literal: ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)-dependent enzyme that unwinds double-stranded DNA into single strands by breaking hydrogen bonds, creating a replication fork.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_nitrogen_base
literal: nucleobase

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_nitrogen_base
literal: Nitrogen-containing, organic molecules (nucleobases) that form the genetic code within DNA.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_nucleotide
literal: Fundamental building block of DNA, consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_polymerase
literal: Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_purine
literal: Purine

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_purine
literal: A nitrogenous base which contains fused ring-like structure and has a nitrogenous group at 6th carbon in adenine and at 2nd carbon in guanine.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_pyrimidine
literal: Pyrimidine

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_pyrimidine
literal: Single-ring nitrogenous base—cytosine (C) and thymine (T).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_replication
literal: DNA copying

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_replication
literal: Process of copying DNA, creating a new DNA molecule that is passed to the new daughter cell.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_start_codon
literal: AUG

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_start_codon
literal: A three-nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals the start of protein synthesis (translation) by ribosomes.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_stop_codon
literal: UAA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_stop_codon
literal: UAG

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_stop_codon
literal: A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) in DNA that signals the termination of protein synthesis (translation).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #DNA_synthesis
literal: Biological process of creating new DNA strands from an existing template, essential for cell division, growth, and repair, involving enzymes like DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides (A, T, C, G) to form a new double helix in a semi-conservative manner.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Deoxyribose
literal: pentose sugar

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Deoxyribose
literal: A five-carbon sugar that acts as a fundamental structural component of DNA, forming the alternating sugar-phosphate backbone in chromosomal DNA.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Double-stranded_DNA
literal: dsDNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Double-stranded_DNA
literal: Molecular structure consisting of two strands that are intertwined, with the strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Endoplasmic_reticulum
literal: ER

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Endoplasmic_reticulum
literal: Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Eukaryotic_genetic_code
literal: A set of instructions, written in the language of DNA and RNA, that tells cells how to build proteins, i.e. defining how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Eukaryotic_genome
literal: A string of DNA in an organism with a nucleus, characterized by multiple, linear chromosomes packaged with proteins (histones) into chromatin, containing genes interrupted by introns (non-coding sequences) that are spliced out during RNA processing, plus vast amounts of non-coding DNA, and often includes mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Exon
literal: A polynucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid that codes information for protein synthesis and that is copied and spliced together with other such sequences to form messenger RNA.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Extra-chromosomal_DNA
literal: ecDNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Extra-chromosomal_DNA
literal: DNA that exists outside of the standard chromosomes within a cell's nucleus, often appearing as small, circular, and highly active structures.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Extra-chromosomal_RNA
literal: RNA molecules existing outside of chromosomes, often arising from extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) like plasmids or amplified gene copies, such as ribosomal RNA (rDNA)

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Function_of_genome
literal: Genome function includes storing all information required for growth, development, and, reproduction, as well as controlling protein production, managing gene regulation, ensuring replication, and facilitating repair.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Gene
literal: A basic physical and functional unit of heredity made up of sequence of nucleotides in DNA. It is double-stranded, long-term storage molecule found in the nucleus, containing the full genetic blueprint.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Gene_expression
literal: Fundamental process by which the information contained within a gene is used to transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Gene_storage
literal: Preservation of genetic material (DNA/RNA) or data for biological research, clinical use, or as a long-term data storage medium.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Gene_transcription
literal: The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Gene_translation
literal: The process by which the genetic code within a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, ultimately forming a protein.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Genetic_function_of_genome
literal: A process of storing, expressing, and propagating genetic information to guide an organism's development and biological activities, including growth, reproduction, and appearance.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Genome
literal: The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Genome_coordinates
literal: A standardized system used to pinpoint the exact location of genetic elements (genes, variants, mutations) on a chromosome.Typically follows the structure of chromosome, start position, end position, and often the strand (+ for forward, - for reverse).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Genome_number
literal: The total number of protein-coding genes in a genome.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Genome_region
literal: Any functional unit within the genome, that contains genes, regulatory elements, or other functional components.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Histone
literal: Histone_chromosomal_protein

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Histone
literal: Highly basic proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that act as spools for DNA, organizing it into compact structural units called nucleosomes.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Homologous_chromosome
literal: One of pairs of chromosomes from the one parent that contain the same genetic information, which are separated in anaphase I of meiosis.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Intron
literal: A nucleotide non-coding sequence whithin gene, segment of DNA or RNA that is removed during RNA splicing.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Intronic_DNA
literal: The sequence of DNA in between exons that is initially copied into RNA, but is cut out of the final, mature messenger RNA transcript.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Intronic_RNA
literal: RNA molecules that are transcribed from the intronic regions of genes, which are non-coding sequences located between exons.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Long_non-coding_RNA
literal: lncRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Long_non-coding_RNA
literal: A diverse class of RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Mechanical_sensing
literal: The transduction of physical stimuli—such as pressure, force, vibration, and strain—into measurable electrical or biochemical signals. Genome helps cells sense and respond to mechanical forces from their environment.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Messenger_RNA
literal: coding RNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Messenger_RNA
literal: iRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Messenger_RNA
literal: informational RNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Messenger_RNA
literal: mRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Messenger_RNA
literal: A type of single-stranded RNA molecule that plays a vital role in protein synthesis. It carries genetic information from DNA in the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Non-coding_DNA
literal: ncDNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Non-coding_DNA
literal: The portions of an organism's genome that do not code for proteins and plays crucial regulatory roles in gene expression and other cellular processes. It encompasses a variety of functional elements, including promoters, enhancers, and sequences transcribed into non-coding RNA molecules.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Non-coding_RNA
literal: Functional RNA molecules transcribed from DNA that are not translated into proteins.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Non-genetic_function_of_genome
literal: Consists of organizing the cell, acting as a scaffold for signaling molecules, influencing nuclear structure, and mediating mechanical responses.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Non-nuclear_chromosome
literal: extranuclear DNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Non-nuclear_chromosome
literal: Chromosome located outside cell nucleus, primarily in organelles, often existing as small, circular DNA molecules.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Piwi-interacting_RNA
literal: piRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Prokaryotic_genome
literal: The total genetic material of a prokaryote, typically consisting of a single, circular double-stranded DNA molecule.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Propagating_genetic_information
literal: The transmission of DNA, the fundamental molecule storing hereditary instructions, from parents to offspring (vertical) or between organisms (horizontal).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Protein-coding_gene
literal: Gene that carry the instructions (the code) to produce a particular protein, acting as the fundamental unit of heredity.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Protein_coding
literal: The process of building a functional protein by DNA or RNA sequences that contain the instructions, read in three-nucleotide codons.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Protein_synthesis
literal: Fundamental biological process where cells build proteins from amino acids, guided by genetic instructions from DNA, involving two main stages: transcription, and translation. Protein synthesis is actually the final, culminating stage of gene expression

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA
literal: RNA molecule

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA
literal: ribonucleic acid

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA
literal: A nucleic acid, polymeric single-stranded crucial molecule in all living organisms, consisting of nucleotide monomers, with ribose as the sugar component. It plays a vital role in various cellular functions, including protein synthesis and gene expression.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_codon
literal: Sequence of three consecutive nucleotides (a trinucleotide) on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that specifies a particular amino acid or signals the start/stop of protein synthesis during translation.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_gene
literal: DNA sequence transcribed into RNA molecules that function directly within the cell, rather than being translated into proteins. Single-stranded, temporary, and functional copy used to produce proteins.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_helicase
literal: Enzyme that utilizes energy from NTP (nucleoside triphosphate) hydrolysis to unwind double-stranded RNA molecules and can disrupt RNA–protein interactions.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_nucleotide
literal: ribonucleotide

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_nucleotide
literal: Fundamental building block of ribonucleic acid (RNA), consisting of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), or Cytosine (C).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_polymerase
literal: RNAP

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_polymerase
literal: A fundamental enzyme in all living organisms, responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_start_codon
literal: A three-nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals the start of protein synthesis (translation) by ribosomes.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #RNA_stop_codon
literal: A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) in messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals the termination of protein synthesis (translation).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Reference_genome
literal: A standardized, representative DNA sequence assembly (such as GRCh38 for humans) used as a base map for aligning, comparing, and analyzing newly sequenced genomic data.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Ribose
literal: A five-carbon simple sugar, a carbohydrate, and a key component of RNA.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Ribosomal_RNA
literal: rRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Ribosomal_RNA
literal: A fundamental component of the ribosome, a molecular machine translating genetic information from messenger mRNA into specific protein sequences.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Ribosome
literal: Assemble proteins based on genetic code.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Single-stranded_DNA
literal: ssDNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Single-stranded_DNA
literal: A single DNA strand that is created during the replication process of DNA. The replication of single-stranded DNA forms two separate single-stranded chromosomes that join together to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). It exists also in class II of viruses known as the Parvoviridae and bacteriophages called microviridae.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Single-stranded_RNA
literal: A nucleic acid molecule consisting of just one strand.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Sister_chromosome
literal: Identical copy of a single chromosome formed during DNA replication (S phase).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Smal_nuclear_RNA
literal: snRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Smal_nuclear_RNA
literal: A class of short (avg. 150 nt), non-coding RNA molecules localized in the eukaryotic nucleus, essential for pre-mRNA processing, particularly splicing.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Small_nuclear_RNA
literal: snRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Small_nucleolar_RNA
literal: snoRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Small_nucleolar_RNA
literal: Short, non-coding RNAs located in the nucleolus, essential for modifying ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) to aid in ribosome assembly and function.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Structural_and_mechanical_support
literal: Critical component designed to stabilize, hold, and transfer loads from structures or machinery to a foundation.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Structure_of_genome
literal: The overall organization, arrangement, and packaging of an organism's DNA, encompassing its gene sequences, non-coding regions, and 3D spatial architecture within the cell nucleus.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Type_of_genome
literal: A genome type defines the molecular structure and composition of an organism's or virus's genetic material, crucial for identifying biological function and inheritance patterns.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Viral_genome
literal: Either DNA or RNA, which can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Z-DNA
literal: A left-handed double helix with structure consisting of major and minor grooves. It can be found in bacteria, eukaryotes and viruses.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #cell_membrane
literal: A thin covering, vital, semipermeable barrier enclosing all cells, controlling what enters and exits.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #enzyme
literal: A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process (as cellular processes, including digestion, DNA replication, and cellular metabolism etc).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #microRNA
literal: miRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #protein
literal: Large molecule that comprises one or more long chains of amino- acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. It performs a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #transfer_RNA
literal: tRNA

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #transfer_RNA
literal: A crucial molecule in protein synthesis, acting as an adaptor between mRNA and the amino acids being added to a growing protein chain.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Guanine_(G)
literal: One of the building blocks of DNA and RNA, nitrogenous base, pairing with cytosine (C) to form stable genetic code, and is a purine derivative with a distinctive double-ring structure (C₅H₅N₅O).

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: #Nucleus/Nucleoid
literal: Stores genetic information (DNA) and controls cell activities.

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#owl:Thing
literal: Things

AnnotationAssertion
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#owl:Thing
literal: Things