Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms that takes in nutrients, converts them into energy, carries out specialized functions, and contains the genetic material (DNA).
The life of a cell from its formation until it divides into two new cells, involving growth, DNA replication, and division, primarily split into Interphase (G1, S, G2) for growth and DNA copying, and the M phase (Mitosis/Meiosis & Cytokinesis).
It refers to the control mechanisms that determine whether cells will divide, remain dormant, arrest, or undergo programmed cell death.
Splitting parent cell into two daughter cells, essential for growth, repair, and reproduction, involving DNA replication and separation.
The increase in a cell's mass and volume, a part of the cell cycle (G1/G2 phases) where cells accumulate nutrients, organelles, and proteins.
Specialized, subcellular structure within a cell that performs specific function necessary for life, similar to organs in a body.
A strong, protective outer layer found in plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, and archaea, excluding animals.
The fundamental process by which cells detect, interpret, and respond to external stimuli and environmental changes.
Long linear DNA molecule (in eukaryotes) or circular molecule (in prokaryotes) associated with histone and forms chromosome.
A component of the chromosomes of higher organisms participated in sequence-specific interaction of chromosomal proteins with chromosomal DNA. A group of RNA molecules that localize to and interact with chromosomes to regulate structure, stability, and gene expression.
Protein that associates with DNA within chromosomes, playing crucial roles in DNA packaging, gene regulation, and chromosome structure.
A thread-like structure located inside the nucleus/nucleoid of cells, composed of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
The end number of gene's location in the chromosome
The first number of gene's location in the chromosome
A class of stable, circular non-coding RNAs derived from the lariat introns that remain after pre-mRNA splicing.
The complete set of DNA in an organism, containing all the genetic information necessary for its growth, development, and reproduction.
The RNA type that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome to be translated into proteins.
A gene that controls the transcription of others in messenger RNA and is expressed at stable levels in all cells and conditions.
All content within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
A polymer (macromolecule) that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms, organized into a double helix structure, and its sequence of bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) encodes this information.
A sequence of three consecutive DNA nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)-dependent enzyme that unwinds double-stranded DNA into single strands by breaking hydrogen bonds, creating a replication fork.
Nitrogen-containing, organic molecules (nucleobases) that form the genetic code within DNA.
Fundamental building block of DNA, consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases.
Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
A nitrogenous base which contains fused ring-like structure and has a nitrogenous group at 6th carbon in adenine and at 2nd carbon in guanine.
Single-ring nitrogenous base—cytosine (C) and thymine (T).
Process of copying DNA, creating a new DNA molecule that is passed to the new daughter cell.
A three-nucleotide sequence in DNA that signals the start of protein synthesis (translation) by ribosomes.
A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) in DNA that signals the termination of protein synthesis (translation).
Biological process of creating new DNA strands from an existing template, essential for cell division, growth, and repair, involving enzymes like DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides (A, T, C, G) to form a new double helix in a semi-conservative manner.
A five-carbon sugar that acts as a fundamental structural component of DNA, forming the alternating sugar-phosphate backbone in chromosomal DNA.
Molecular structure consisting of two strands that are intertwined, with the strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).
A set of instructions, written in the language of DNA and RNA, that tells cells how to build proteins, i.e. defining how the four-letter code of DNA is translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids.
A string of DNA in an organism with a nucleus, characterized by multiple, linear chromosomes packaged with proteins (histones) into chromatin, containing genes interrupted by introns (non-coding sequences) that are spliced out during RNA processing, plus vast amounts of non-coding DNA, and often includes mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
A polynucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid that codes information for protein synthesis and that is copied and spliced together with other such sequences to form messenger RNA.
DNA that exists outside of the standard chromosomes within a cell's nucleus, often appearing as small, circular, and highly active structures.
RNA molecules existing outside of chromosomes, often arising from extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) like plasmids or amplified gene copies, such as ribosomal RNA (rDNA)
Genome function includes storing all information required for growth, development, and, reproduction, as well as controlling protein production, managing gene regulation, ensuring replication, and facilitating repair.
A basic physical and functional unit of heredity made up of sequence of nucleotides in DNA. It is double-stranded, long-term storage molecule found in the nucleus, containing the full genetic blueprint.
Fundamental process by which the information contained within a gene is used to transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Preservation of genetic material (DNA/RNA) or data for biological research, clinical use, or as a long-term data storage medium.
The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence.
The process by which the genetic code within a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, ultimately forming a protein.
A process of storing, expressing, and propagating genetic information to guide an organism's development and biological activities, including growth, reproduction, and appearance.
The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism.
A standardized system used to pinpoint the exact location of genetic elements (genes, variants, mutations) on a chromosome.Typically follows the structure of chromosome, start position, end position, and often the strand (+ for forward, - for reverse).
The total number of protein-coding genes in a genome.
Any functional unit within the genome, that contains genes, regulatory elements, or other functional components.
Highly basic proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that act as spools for DNA, organizing it into compact structural units called nucleosomes.
One of pairs of chromosomes from the one parent that contain the same genetic information, which are separated in anaphase I of meiosis.
A nucleotide non-coding sequence whithin gene, segment of DNA or RNA that is removed during RNA splicing.
The sequence of DNA in between exons that is initially copied into RNA, but is cut out of the final, mature messenger RNA transcript.
RNA molecules that are transcribed from the intronic regions of genes, which are non-coding sequences located between exons.
A diverse class of RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins.
The transduction of physical stimuli—such as pressure, force, vibration, and strain—into measurable electrical or biochemical signals. Genome helps cells sense and respond to mechanical forces from their environment.
A type of single-stranded RNA molecule that plays a vital role in protein synthesis. It carries genetic information from DNA in the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
The portions of an organism's genome that do not code for proteins and plays crucial regulatory roles in gene expression and other cellular processes. It encompasses a variety of functional elements, including promoters, enhancers, and sequences transcribed into non-coding RNA molecules.
Functional RNA molecules transcribed from DNA that are not translated into proteins.
Consists of organizing the cell, acting as a scaffold for signaling molecules, influencing nuclear structure, and mediating mechanical responses.
Chromosome located outside cell nucleus, primarily in organelles, often existing as small, circular DNA molecules.
The total genetic material of a prokaryote, typically consisting of a single, circular double-stranded DNA molecule.
The transmission of DNA, the fundamental molecule storing hereditary instructions, from parents to offspring (vertical) or between organisms (horizontal).
Gene that carry the instructions (the code) to produce a particular protein, acting as the fundamental unit of heredity.
The process of building a functional protein by DNA or RNA sequences that contain the instructions, read in three-nucleotide codons.
Fundamental biological process where cells build proteins from amino acids, guided by genetic instructions from DNA, involving two main stages: transcription, and translation. Protein synthesis is actually the final, culminating stage of gene expression
A nucleic acid, polymeric single-stranded crucial molecule in all living organisms, consisting of nucleotide monomers, with ribose as the sugar component. It plays a vital role in various cellular functions, including protein synthesis and gene expression.
Sequence of three consecutive nucleotides (a trinucleotide) on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that specifies a particular amino acid or signals the start/stop of protein synthesis during translation.
DNA sequence transcribed into RNA molecules that function directly within the cell, rather than being translated into proteins. Single-stranded, temporary, and functional copy used to produce proteins.
Enzyme that utilizes energy from NTP (nucleoside triphosphate) hydrolysis to unwind double-stranded RNA molecules and can disrupt RNA–protein interactions.
Fundamental building block of ribonucleic acid (RNA), consisting of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), or Cytosine (C).
A fundamental enzyme in all living organisms, responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA.
A three-nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals the start of protein synthesis (translation) by ribosomes.
A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) in messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals the termination of protein synthesis (translation).
A standardized, representative DNA sequence assembly (such as GRCh38 for humans) used as a base map for aligning, comparing, and analyzing newly sequenced genomic data.
A five-carbon simple sugar, a carbohydrate, and a key component of RNA.
A fundamental component of the ribosome, a molecular machine translating genetic information from messenger mRNA into specific protein sequences.
Assemble proteins based on genetic code.
A single DNA strand that is created during the replication process of DNA. The replication of single-stranded DNA forms two separate single-stranded chromosomes that join together to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). It exists also in class II of viruses known as the Parvoviridae and bacteriophages called microviridae.
A nucleic acid molecule consisting of just one strand.
Identical copy of a single chromosome formed during DNA replication (S phase).
A class of short (avg. 150 nt), non-coding RNA molecules localized in the eukaryotic nucleus, essential for pre-mRNA processing, particularly splicing.
Short, non-coding RNAs located in the nucleolus, essential for modifying ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) to aid in ribosome assembly and function.
Critical component designed to stabilize, hold, and transfer loads from structures or machinery to a foundation.
The overall organization, arrangement, and packaging of an organism's DNA, encompassing its gene sequences, non-coding regions, and 3D spatial architecture within the cell nucleus.
A genome type defines the molecular structure and composition of an organism's or virus's genetic material, crucial for identifying biological function and inheritance patterns.
Either DNA or RNA, which can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds.
A left-handed double helix with structure consisting of major and minor grooves. It can be found in bacteria, eukaryotes and viruses.
A thin covering, vital, semipermeable barrier enclosing all cells, controlling what enters and exits.
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process (as cellular processes, including digestion, DNA replication, and cellular metabolism etc).
Large molecule that comprises one or more long chains of amino- acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. It performs a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another.
A crucial molecule in protein synthesis, acting as an adaptor between mRNA and the amino acids being added to a growing protein chain.
One of the building blocks of DNA and RNA, nitrogenous base, pairing with cytosine (C) to form stable genetic code, and is a purine derivative with a distinctive double-ring structure (C₅H₅N₅O).
Stores genetic information (DNA) and controls cell activities.